Breast Cancer Awareness In Men: A Less Known Reality

When we think of breast cancer, the image that often comes to mind is that of a woman battling the disease. However, breast cancer is not exclusive to women. Men, too, can fall victim to this illness, though the condition is much rarer. With a lifetime risk of about 1 in 1,000, male breast cancer is an underreported and misunderstood reality. Lack of awareness and standardised screening for men often leads to delayed diagnosis, making the disease more difficult to treat in its later stages.

Understanding the risk factors

Several factors increase men's susceptibility to breast cancer, empowering them to make more informed health decisions. Age is a key factor, with most cases occurring between the ages of 60 and 70. Additional risk factors include:

Family history – Many of these cases follow a familial pattern, meaning the patient is likely to have a family history of breast or ovarian cancer. Additionally, 50-60% of male breast cancer cases are linked to hereditary causes, known as hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, involving genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD52, and PALB2. These genetic factors play a significant role in the development of male breast cancer.

Radiation exposure – Previous radiation treatments to the chest can increase the likelihood of developing breast cancer.

Hormone treatments and conditions – Enlarged breasts (gynecomastia) caused by hormone treatments, infections, or certain toxins can heighten vulnerability. Conditions such as Klinefelter's syndrome, which alters male hormone levels, also raise the risk.

Estrogen intake – The use of estrogen supplements, often prescribed for specific medical issues, can affect breast tissue and increase cancer risk.

Liver health – Serious liver diseases, including cirrhosis, are linked to an increased risk of breast cancer.

Testicular disorders – Disorders such as mumps orchitis, testicular injuries, or undescended testicles contribute to higher risk.

Obesity – Rising concerns about obesity are associated with an increased incidence of male breast cancer.

Common types of male breast cancer

The types of breast cancer men may develop are similar to those seen in women. The most common form is invasive ductal carcinoma, which begins in the breast ducts and spreads to other tissues. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), another form of the disease, is non-invasive and confined to the ducts, though it can eventually progress into a more severe, invasive cancer if left untreated.

Recognizing symptoms in men

The symptoms of male breast cancer closely mirror those of women. The most prominent sign is the presence of a lump in the breast tissue, which often prompts further medical examination. Changes in the nipple, such as discharge, bleeding, or inversion, along with alterations in the skin surrounding the breast, can also signal the presence of breast cancer. Pain or discomfort in the breast area may occur as well. Due to a general lack of awareness, men often dismiss these symptoms, which delays diagnosis and worsens the prognosis.

Diagnosis and treatment

Early detection is crucial for improving outcomes in male breast cancer. Since men do not undergo routine mammograms, diagnosis usually begins with a physical examination of the breast tissue, followed by imaging tests such as mammography, ultrasound, or MRI to detect abnormalities. If cancer is suspected, a biopsy is performed to confirm the diagnosis. The earlier the cancer is detected, the better the chances for successful treatment, which may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or hormone therapy, depending on the stage and type of cancer.

Over and above

Despite its rarity, male breast cancer is a reality that deserves attention. Men should be encouraged to monitor changes in their breast tissue and seek medical advice promptly if they notice any irregularities. With increased education and understanding, the narrative surrounding breast cancer in men can shift, allowing for earlier diagnoses and more effective treatment. 

Dr Bhavna Bansal

Guest Author Senior Consultant and HOD, Histopathology Oncquest Laboratories