The Role Of Childhood Obesity In Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Dr. Rajesh Rajput Nov 14, 2024

Obese children are four times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to those of normal weight

Childhood obesity is a growing concern in India, with serious implications for children’s health and long-term well-being. Due to a significant rise in sedentary lifestyles and diets high in processed foods and sugary beverages, obesity rates among Indian children have increased sharply. According to data from The Lancet, approximately 12.5 million individuals under the age of 19 were classified as overweight or obese in 2022. This alarming trend is directly linked to the early onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children, a condition once rare in young populations. Although specific data on the direct contribution of obesity to childhood diabetes is limited, obese children are four times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to those of normal weight.

India is witnessing a growing number of type 2 diabetes. An estimated 77 million people above the age of 18 years are suffering from diabetes (type 2) and nearly 25 million are prediabetics (at a higher risk of developing diabetes in the near future) in India, according to the World Health Organisation. The country is witnessing an increasing number of cases of type 2 diabetes in children, particularly among adolescents aged 12-18 years. This year’s theme for World Diabetes Day i.e. “Breaking Barriers and Bridging Gaps” emphasises the need for awareness around childhood obesity as one of the leading causes of type 2 diabetes in youth and the importance of addressing underlying lifestyle factors. Educating families, schools, and communities on the causes and prevention of childhood diabetes is essential in bridging this awareness gap.

Childhood Obesity and its link with Type 2 Diabetes

Childhood obesity occurs when excess body fat poses health risks. In India, recent studies show that 8–10 per cent of children in urban areas are obese, according to the Indian Journal of Medical Research (2018). This increase is largely due to high-calorie diets, reduced physical activity, and more screen time. Early intervention is crucial, as obesity in children significantly raises the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

The connection between childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes lies in insulin resistance. In children with excess body fat, cells may become resistant to insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. This resistance forces the pancreas to produce more insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels. Over time, the pancreas may struggle to keep up, leading to elevated blood sugar levels and type 2 diabetes.

Health implications of early-onset type 2 diabetes

Children diagnosed with type 2 diabetes face significant health challenges that can persist throughout their lives. Early-onset diabetes often leads to high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, and a heightened risk of cardiovascular diseases. Over time, complications such as nerve damage, kidney disease, and eye issues can arise, underscoring the importance of early and consistent treatment to safeguard long-term health.

Preventive measures and bridging awareness gaps

Preventing type 2 diabetes starts with addressing childhood obesity. Balanced nutrition—including more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains—and reducing sugary drinks and processed foods play a key role in maintaining a healthy weight. Parents, caregivers, and educators can set a positive example through their own healthy choices, creating an environment that prioritises children’s health.

Regular physical activity is also essential. Exercise improves insulin sensitivity and helps maintain a healthy weight, which lowers the risk of diabetes. Schools and communities can play a critical role in promoting physical activity and educating families on how to prevent and manage childhood obesity.

Childhood obesity is a primary factor contributing to early-onset type 2 diabetes in India, an issue that demands immediate attention. Bridging awareness gaps through education and preventive measures can help reduce diabetes rates in young people, creating a healthier future for India’s next generation.

The author is Director, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Medanta, Gurugram