How Does Scoliosis Affect Children & Adolescents?

Scoliosis, a sideways curvature of the spine, often develops during the rapid growth phase before puberty. While it can affect people of all ages, children and adolescents are most commonly impacted, with an estimated prevalence of 2-3 per cent worldwide.

Understanding the Condition
Scoliosis ranges from mild curves, requiring minimal or no treatment, to severe deformities that may lead to physical and psychological challenges. In children and adolescents, idiopathic scoliosis is the most common type, where the exact cause is unknown. Factors such as family history, rapid growth spurts, and hormonal changes may contribute to its development.

Impact on Health
Scoliosis can lead to a variety of physical health issues:
    1.    Postural Deformities: Uneven shoulders, asymmetrical hips, and a visible rib hump. These changes may affect the child’s balance and coordination.
    2.    Pain and Fatigue: Persistent back pain, particularly in severe curves, can reduce physical activity levels. Muscle imbalances further exacerbate discomfort and fatigue.
    3.    Restricted Lung Function: Severe scoliosis, especially when the curve exceeds 70 degrees, can compress the chest cavity, impairing lung capacity and leading to breathing difficulties.
    4.    Reduced Physical Stamina: Postural imbalances may cause strain on the spine and other joints, limiting participation in sports and other physical activities.

Beyond physical health, scoliosis can also impact emotional well-being. Visible deformities often lead to self-esteem issues, anxiety, and social withdrawal, particularly in adolescents.

The Role of Early Diagnosis
Early detection is key to managing scoliosis effectively. Countries with school screening programs have successfully identified cases during their early stages, preventing severe progression. Unfortunately, India lacks a nationwide screening initiative. Implementing routine school screenings could play a transformative role in detecting scoliosis early and reducing long-term complications.

Treatment Approaches
Management depends on the curve’s severity:
    •    Observation: For mild cases.
    •    Bracing: Helps to halt curve progression in growing children.
    •    Surgery: Severe cases may require spinal fusion surgery to correct the curve and stabilise the spine.

The Way Forward
Raising awareness and adopting school-based screening programs in India is essential. With early diagnosis and timely treatment, children and adolescents with scoliosis can avoid severe complications and lead healthy, fulfilling lives.

Dr. Priyank Patel

Guest Author Orthopedic Spine Surgeon, Jupiter Hospital, Thane